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+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.8.10"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2,
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "lang": "en"
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "# Using Jupyter\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#### Cells\n",
+    "\n",
+    "A Jupyter sheet is made up of cells that you can guess if you click on the text. There are different\n",
+    "cell types that you choose with the drop-down menu in the middle of the icons at the top of the page:\n",
+    "\n",
+    "* Python code (default)\n",
+    "* rich text ([Markdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown))\n",
+    "* plain text (useful for deactivating a code cell)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "You can add\n",
+    "a cell with the + symbol at the top of the page, delete a cell with the scissors, move a cell with the arrows and edit it by double-clicking on it. We will see that we execute the cells to obtain the result of the written code. All this can be found on the menu\n",
+    "`Cell`.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#### Kernel\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Jupyter takes its name from 3 languages, namely Julia, Python and R. Today the list of languages that can be\n",
+    "to use in a Jupyter sheet is much longer but in all cases you need a kernel which makes the interface\n",
+    "between Jupyter and the language. In the case of Python the core is iPython. We choose it when creating the sheet\n",
+    "and we can interact with it using the `Kernel` menu.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The other menus are more classic and do not require explanation (forget `Widget`).\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#### Note\n",
+    "\n",
+    "If you do not know Python or Jupyter, it is advisable to come back here after reading the first chapter </a>.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Cell manipulation\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#### Status and execution\n",
+    "\n",
+    "* A cell can have 3 states:\n",
+    "     * not selected (no frame around the cell)\n",
+    "     * selected (blue frame or blue bar on the left)\n",
+    "     * selected and in edit mode (change of background color and sometimes green frame)\n",
+    "* Clicking selects a cell (or even puts it directly into edit mode for calculation cells)\n",
+    "* Double click selects and enters editing mode (on a text area, Markdown syntax appears)\n",
+    "* <kbd>Enter</kbd> like clicking allows you to activate the edition when <kbd>Esc</kbd> allows you to close the edition mode.\n",
+    "* To make Python recompute the result of a cell\n",
+    "     * <kbd>Shift</kbd>+<kbd>Enter</kbd> does the calculation and moves to the next cell\n",
+    "     * <kbd>Crtl</kbd>+<kbd>Enter</kbd> does the calculation and stays on the cell\n",
+    "     * <kbd>Alt</kbd>+<kbd>Enter</kbd> does the calculation and then adds an empty cell.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#### Display\n",
+    "  \n",
+    "  * `[out]` To hide the results, end the last line of the cell with `;`.\n",
+    "  * `[In]` To hide a cell, use 'Hide input' from nbextessions (see config in the Edit menu)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(2)\n",
+    "1+1;   # remove the ; to see the difference"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "lang": "en"
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## Configuration\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Jupyter has many commands to manipulate your note sheet and of course it is possible to\n",
+    "set keyboard shortcuts.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "To display the list of commands (the *command palette*) click on the small keyboard in the icon bar.\n",
+    "With Chrome, you can display this command palette with <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>Shift</kbd>+<kbd>P</kbd>.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "To display and define your keyboard shortcuts you can go to the help menu or type `shortcut` in\n",
+    "the command palette.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "For example, for my use I redefined the cell type change with\n",
+    "\n",
+    "* <kbd>Crtl</kbd>+<kbd>1</kbd> for Code mode\n",
+    "* <kbd>Crtl</kbd>+<kbd>2</kbd> for Markdown mode\n",
+    "* <kbd>Crtl</kbd>+<kbd>3</kbd> for Raw mode (uninterpreted data)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "This works when the cell is selected but not in edit mode (so blue frame or blue bar)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "lang": "en"
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "#### Exercise\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Choose your shortcuts to switch from one mode to another then switch the cell below to Code mode and execute it."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "print('$qsD!Me+nsodd= 1l lre3W$'[-2:2:-2])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "lang": "en"
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Cell manipulation shortcuts are good to know or redefine when you start using Jupyter seriously."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "lang": "en"
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## IPython\n",
+    "\n",
+    "When using Python in Jupyter, we rely on [IPython](https://ipython.org/) which enriches Python.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "This gives the following functionality:\n",
+    "\n",
+    "* Completion by pressing <kbd>Tab</kbd>\n",
+    "* Help with `?` and `??` for even more help with objects (or even code)\n",
+    "* [Shell access](https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/interactive/shell.html) with `!`\n",
+    "* Magic commands"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "lang": "en"
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "### Completion and help\n",
+    "\n",
+    "`a`<kbd>Tab</kbd> will give a list including `abs`"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "lang": "en"
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "For the help examples, you must launch the cells to see the result."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "abs?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "lang": "en"
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "To close the help window click on the cross at the top right of the window or use <kbd>Esc</kbd>.?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "mot = \"Coucou\"\n",
+    "mot.split?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "lang": "en"
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "### Shell under IPython"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "!pwd"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "vlib = '/var/lib/'\n",
+    "res = !ls $vlib\n",
+    "res = res.grep('lib')\n",
+    "for f in res:\n",
+    "    print(f)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(type(res))\n",
+    "res??"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "lang": "en"
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "### Magic commands\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Magic commands improve the use of Python. They start with\n",
+    "\n",
+    " * `%` and apply to the line\n",
+    " * `%%` and apply to the cell (when it makes sense)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The first magic command to run is `%quickref` to get the list of iPython possibilities."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "%quickref"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "lang": "en"
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Here is a selection of some magic commands:\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "* `%time` to get the time the line takes (`%%time` for the execution time of the cell).\n",
+    "* `%timeit` is like `%time` but it restarts the line several times to get a more accurate estimate\n",
+    "* `%prun` to run the line through the Python profiler and see where it's taking time\n",
+    "* `%matplotlib inline` so that the graphs are displayed in the Jupyter page\n",
+    "* `%load` to load a Python file into the cell (comments %load once executed)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "!echo 'print(\"coucou\")' > /tmp/prog.py"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "%load /tmp/prog.py"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "import numpy as np\n",
+    "import scipy.linalg as lin\n",
+    "\n",
+    "%prun lin.solve(np.random.random([3000,3000]), np.random.random(3000))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "{{ PreviousNext('Introduction.ipynb','../lesson1 Python basics/00 - Premiers calculs.ipynb') }}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file